{"id":97,"date":"2023-07-30T16:16:23","date_gmt":"2023-07-30T16:16:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/?page_id=97"},"modified":"2024-02-12T11:16:43","modified_gmt":"2024-02-12T11:16:43","slug":"1-4-europai-automatak","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/bevezetes-a-szamitogepek-anarcheologiajaba\/1-4-europai-automatak\/","title":{"rendered":"1.4 eur\u00f3pai automat\u00e1k"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>A n\u00e9met skolasztikus filoz\u00f3fus \u00e9s tud\u00f3s Albertus Magnus (1193?-1280) felt\u00e9telezett alkot\u00f3ja egy f\u00e9mb\u0151l, viaszb\u00f3l, b\u0151rb\u0151l \u00e9s \u00fcvegb\u0151l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt mechanikus embernek, illetve egy &#8220;besz\u00e9l\u0151 emberfej&#8221;-nek. N\u00e1poly legend\u00e1s Virgilius p\u00fcsp\u00f6k\u00e9nek nev\u00e9hez f\u0171z\u0151dik egy &#8220;nagy r\u00e9z l\u00e9gy&#8221; k\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9se, mely olyan sikerrel vad\u00e1szott a v\u00e1rosi legyekre, hogy nyolc \u00e9ven \u00e1t nem romlott meg h\u00fas a v\u00e1rosban.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Term\u00e9szetesen ide tartozik Ciprus kir\u00e1ly\u00e1nak, Pygmalionnak \u00e9s az alkot\u00e1s\u00e1val szerelembe es\u0151 szobr\u00e1sz legend\u00e1ja, a k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori zsid\u00f3 G\u00f3lem t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete, s Paracelsus (1493-1541, sv\u00e1jci fizikus \u00e9s alkimista) v\u00e9r \u00e9s ond\u00f3 kever\u00e9k\u00e9b\u00f4l k\u00e9sz\u00edtett homunculusa. S\u0151t, tal\u00e1n itt is \u00e9rdemes Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1797-1851) Frankenstein figur\u00e1j\u00e1r\u00f3l megeml\u00e9kezni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Cathedrale_de_Strasbourg_-_Horloge_Astronomique_-_Details_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-99\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Cathedrale_de_Strasbourg_-_Horloge_Astronomique_-_Details_2.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Cathedrale_de_Strasbourg_-_Horloge_Astronomique_-_Details_2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Cathedrale_de_Strasbourg_-_Horloge_Astronomique_-_Details_2-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Astronomical Clock &#8211; Cathedral Notre-Dame de Strasbourg &#8211; Detail<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A k\u00f6z\u00e9pkorb\u00f3l sz\u00e1mos \u00f3raszerkezetet ismer\u00fcnk, tal\u00e1n a legismertebb a strasbourgi sz\u00e9kesegyh\u00e1z &#8220;h\u00e1romkir\u00e1lyok \u00f3r\u00e1ja&#8221;. (Ez a sz\u00e9kesegyh\u00e1zban 1352-54-ben fel\u00e1ll\u00edtott &#8211; s 1572-ig m\u0171k\u00f6d\u0151 &#8211; els\u0151 \u00f3raszerkezet, mely t\u00f6bb automat\u00e1t is tartalmazott, k\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fck az aranyozott, f\u00e1b\u0151l, r\u00e9zb\u0151l \u00e9s vasb\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt kakas az els\u0151 teljes eg\u00e9sz\u00e9ben fennmaradt automata. Delente sz\u00e1rnyait csapkodva, tollait felborzolva, cs\u0151r\u00e9t kit\u00e1tva \u00e9s nyelv\u00e9t ki\u00f6ltve kukor\u00e9kolt, ma is megtekinthet\u0151 a strasbourgi m\u00fazeumban.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00e1ty\u00e1s kir\u00e1ly udvari csillag\u00e1sza, Regiomontanus (Johannes M\u00fcller) &#8211; sajnos ugyan nem magyarorsz\u00e1gi tart\u00f3zkod\u00e1sa alatt &#8211; sz\u00e1mos robotot k\u00e9sz\u00edtett: pl. asztal k\u00f6r\u00fcl r\u00f6pd\u00f6s\u0151 legyet, illetve rep\u00fclni k\u00e9pes sast, mely a n\u00fcrnbergi v\u00e1roskapu felett sz\u00e1rnycsattogtat\u00e1ssal-f\u0151hajt\u00e1ssal \u00fcdv\u00f6z\u00f6lte az oda\u00e9rkez\u00f4 Miksa cs\u00e1sz\u00e1rt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Leonardo automata oroszl\u00e1nja XII. Lajos mil\u00e1n\u00f3i l\u00e1togat\u00e1sakor bevonult a tr\u00f3nterembe, s meg\u00e1llva a kir\u00e1ly el\u0151tt mancs\u00e1val felt\u00e9pte mell\u00e9t, ahonnan feh\u00e9r liliomok hullottak l\u00e1bai el\u00e9. (Ez k\u00e9rd\u00e9ses le\u00edr\u00e1sa egy robotnak, az 1950-es \u00e9vekben \u00fajrafelfedezett Leonardo jegyzetf\u00fczetekben azonban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k v\u00e1zlatok egy emberform\u00e1j\u00fa automat\u00e1r\u00f3l, melyeket 1495 k\u00f6r\u00fcl, de mindenesetre az Utols\u00f3 Vacsora munk\u00e1latainak megkezd\u00e9se el\u0151tt k\u00e9sz\u00edtett.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"222\" height=\"246\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/davinci_robot2-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-105\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"418\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/davinci_robot3-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-107\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/davinci_robot3-1.jpg 418w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/davinci_robot3-1-300x273.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 418px) 100vw, 418px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"289\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/davinci_robot4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-109\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"287\" height=\"377\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/davinci_robot5.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-111\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/davinci_robot5.jpg 287w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/davinci_robot5-228x300.jpg 228w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 287px) 100vw, 287px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Az els\u0151 emberform\u00e1j\u00fa android melyr\u0151l \u00edr\u00e1sos adatok sz\u00e1molnak be Hans Bullmann-nak tulajdon\u00edthat\u00f3 1525 k\u00f6r\u00fcl. \u00dagy tudjuk, hogy t\u00f6bb f\u00e9rfi \u00e9s n\u0151i figur\u00e1t is k\u00e9sz\u00edtett, melyek k\u00f6z\u00fcl n\u00e9h\u00e1nyan zeneszersz\u00e1mokon j\u00e1tszottak. Bullmann kort\u00e1rs\u00e1nak, Gianello Torriano of Cremona-nak (~1515-1585, V. K\u00e1roly h\u00edres \u00f3r\u00e1smestere) lanton j\u00e1tsz\u00f3 n\u0151alakja ma is megtal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 a Kunsthistorisches M\u00fazeumban.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"417\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/toriano_lute_player_1560.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-117\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/toriano_lute_player_1560.jpg 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/toriano_lute_player_1560-216x300.jpg 216w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"294\" height=\"446\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/toriano_lute_player_1560_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-119\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/toriano_lute_player_1560_2.jpg 294w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/toriano_lute_player_1560_2-198x300.jpg 198w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 294px) 100vw, 294px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Gianello Torriano of Cremona(~1515-1585) lanton j\u00e1tsz\u00f3 n\u0151alakja<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/toriano1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-123\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/toriano1.jpg 350w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/toriano1-233x300.jpg 233w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Automaton figure of a monk, South Germany or Spain, c. 1560; National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"452\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/toriano2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-125\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/toriano2.jpg 350w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/toriano2-232x300.jpg 232w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Making Marvels\u2014Automaton in the Form of a Monk\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jiVKnlXcDDg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"269\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/turriano_budapest-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-129\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>Music automaton, figure of a male saint, Juanelo Turriano (?); Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A XVII-XVIII. sz\u00e1zadban (r\u00e9szben Descartes hat\u00e1s\u00e1ra, aki az \u00e9l\u0151l\u00e9nyeket \u00e9l\u0151-g\u00e9peknek tekintette, melyek k\u00f6z\u00fcl az ember csup\u00e1n a tobozmirigy\u00e9ben lak\u00f3 lelke miatt emelkedik ki) r\u00e9miszt\u0151 szaporod\u00e1snak indultak az egyre rafin\u00e1ltabb automat\u00e1k: p\u00e1sztoridilleket, p\u00e1sztorj\u00e1t\u00e9kokat mutattak be, muzsik\u00e1ltak, \u00edrtak stb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Automaton Clock in the Form of Diana on Her Chariot\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/u6ro4zscyE0?start=8&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>Kempelen Farkas automat\u00e1i<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"[2021] The Turk - chess playing Automata  - John Gaughan (Inspiration to Modern day computer)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xnDJaTuEjxw?start=46&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Tal\u00e1n a legismertebb automata Kempelen Farkas h\u00edres T\u00f6r\u00f6k sakkoz\u00f3ja, mely a XVIII. Sz\u00e1zad legnagyobb szenz\u00e1ci\u00f3ja volt. Kempelen sakkoz\u00f3ja \u00fcgyes szemf\u00e9nyveszt\u00e9s volt, val\u00f3di sakkoz\u00f3 rejt\u0151z\u00f6tt a szerkezetben. Az igazi invenci\u00f3 &#8212; a mai b\u0171v\u00e9szek t\u00fckr\u00f6s-elt\u00fcntet\u0151 rendszer\u00e9n k\u00edv\u00fcl, mely a szerkezet ajtajainak kinyit\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n meggy\u0151zte a gyanakv\u00f3 k\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9get &#8212; a mozgat\u00f3szerkezet, illetve a szerkezet belsej\u00e9ben helyet foglal\u00f3 sakkoz\u00f3 &#8220;periszk\u00f3pjai&#8221;, illetve a b\u00e1buk helyzet\u00e9t a doboz belsej\u00e9b\u0151l k\u00f6vethet\u0151v\u00e9 tev\u0151 m\u00e1gneses rendszer voltak. A d\u00edszesen fel\u00f6lt\u00f6z\u00f6tt, sakkoz\u00e1s k\u00f6zben pip\u00e1z\u00f3 t\u00f6r\u00f6k az\u00e9rt j\u00e1tszott bal k\u00e9zzel, mert az elb\u00fajtatott sakkoz\u00f3 \u00edgy f\u00e9rt k\u00f6nnyen hozz\u00e1 a mozgat\u00f3 szerkezethez. Maga a mozgat\u00f3 er\u0151 rug\u00f3 volt, melyet j\u00e1tszma k\u00f6zben t\u00f6bsz\u00f6r fel kellett h\u00fazni. A mozgat\u00f3 szerkezet pantogr\u00e1f volt, mely a hatvann\u00e9gy kocka k\u00f6zep\u00e9re tette lehet\u0151v\u00e9 a pontos k\u00e9zleereszked\u00e9st.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Ld. b\u0151vebben a t\u00f6r\u00f6kr\u0151l:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Turk\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Turk<\/a>, ill.:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RdT4yG8wczQ\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RdT4yG8wczQ<\/a>, s\u0151t:&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0DbJUTsUwZE\" target=\"_blank\">The Chess Turk explained https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0DbJUTsUwZE<\/a>&nbsp;picit popul\u00e1ris, de 11.30-t\u00f3l l\u00e1that\u00f3 John Gaughan rekonstrukci\u00f3ja j\u00e1t\u00e9k k\u00f6zben:&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NXQiXdY8Sbk\" target=\"_blank\">The Turk Automaton {History Specials &#8211; Lost Magic Decoded} https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NXQiXdY8Sbk<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Making Marvels\u2014Reproduction of the Chess Player (The Turk)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7W_kQsO6MPc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Kev\u00e9sb\u00e9 ismert, de a puszta l\u00e1tv\u00e1nyoss\u00e1gon messze t\u00falmutat\u00f3&nbsp;Kempelen besz\u00e9l\u0151g\u00e9pe, mely feltal\u00e1l\u00f3ja sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra j\u00f3val fontosabb, szinte eg\u00e9sz \u00e9letp\u00e1ly\u00e1j\u00e1t bet\u00f6lt\u0151 feladat volt, k\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9se sor\u00e1n komoly nyelv\u00e9szeti \u00e9s fonetikai felfedez\u00e9seket tett. Besz\u00e9l\u0151g\u00e9p\u00e9t \u00e9s sakkoz\u00f3automat\u00e1j\u00e1t ugyanazon a turn\u00e9n mutatta be, el\u0151bbit azonban igen csek\u00e9ly \u00e9rdekl\u0151d\u00e9sre m\u00e9ltatt\u00e1k. A T\u00f6r\u00f6k Kempelen hal\u00e1la ut\u00e1n Amerik\u00e1ba ker\u00fclt, ahol az \u00faj tulajdonos (Nepomuk Maenzel) m\u00e9g n\u00e9mi modifik\u00e1ci\u00f3kat is v\u00e9gzett rajta &#8212; eredetileg sakkot adva a t\u00f6r\u00f6k csak b\u00f3logatott, imm\u00e1ron viszont a &#8220;sakk&#8221; sz\u00f3t ism\u00e9telgette. Amerikai turn\u00e9i sor\u00e1n Edgar Allen Poe is tal\u00e1lkozott a t\u00f6r\u00f6kkel, mely Maenzel hal\u00e1la ut\u00e1n a philadelphiai m\u00fazeumba ker\u00fclt, \u00e9s ott is pusztult el az 1854-es t\u0171zv\u00e9szben.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/beszelogep.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-140\" width=\"320\" height=\"309\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/kempln24.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144\" width=\"348\" height=\"635\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/wheatstone.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-146\" width=\"647\" height=\"348\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A besz\u00e9l\u0151g\u00e9p h\u00e1rom v\u00e1ltozat\u00e1t tervezte meg Kempelen, 1804-es hal\u00e1la ut\u00e1n\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Wheatstone\" target=\"_blank\">Sir Charles Wheatstone<\/a>\u00a0(t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6zt a sztereoszk\u00f3p feltal\u00e1l\u00f3ja) foglalkozott a besz\u00e9l\u0151g\u00e9p terveivel, a fenti angol feliratos \u00e1bra is t\u0151le sz\u00e1rmazik. Rajta k\u00edv\u00fcl a 20. sz\u00e1zadig alig foglalkoznak fonetik\u00e1val, ennek k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151en Kempelen k\u00f6nyve sok\u00e1ig nagy hat\u00e1s\u00fa, az egyetlen komolyan vehet\u0151 m\u0171 ezen a ter\u00fcleten.<br>(B\u0151vebben  ld.:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wolfgang_von_Kempelen%27s_Speaking_Machine\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wolfgang_von_Kempelen&#8217;s_Speaking_Machine<\/a>.\u00a0A BME rekonstrukci\u00f3j\u00e1val kapcsolatban\u00a0<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/smartlab.tmit.bme.hu\/kempelenkiallitas#english\" target=\"_blank\">ezen a weboldalon lehet t\u00e1j\u00e9koz\u00f3dni<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Kempelen  : d\u00e9monstration orgue \u00e0 bouches, spectacle &quot;Kempelen et sa machine parlante&quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/CbdBRkwOhbg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>Jacques de Vaucanson (1709-1782) \u00e9s Pierre Jaquet Droz (1721-1790)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vaucanson a fizikus, gy\u00e1rtulajdonos \u00e9s feltal\u00e1l\u00f3 Grenoble-ben sz\u00fcletett, \u00e9s a jezsuit\u00e1kn\u00e1l tanult. Az egyh\u00e1zt\u00f3l val\u00f3 t\u00e1voz\u00e1s ut\u00e1n az emberi test &#8220;mozg\u00f3 anat\u00f3mi\u00e1j\u00e1val&#8221; kezd foglalkozni, megc\u00e9lozva az orvosi gyakorlat \u00e9s kutat\u00e1s seg\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t mechanikus modellek k\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9vel. Terve sosem siker\u00fclt, azonban Vaucanson k\u00e9sz\u00edtett h\u00e1rom hihetetlen\u00fcl n\u00e9pszer\u0171 automat\u00e1t, melyek k\u00f6z\u00fcl a legn\u00e9pszer\u0171bb &#8212; ugyan ember helyett kacsa form\u00e1j\u00e1ban &#8212; megval\u00f3s\u00edtotta az eredeti &#8221; mozg\u00f3 anat\u00f3mia&#8221; c\u00e9lkit\u0171z\u00e9seinek egy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"709\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/vaucanson_robots.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/vaucanson_robots.webp 1024w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/vaucanson_robots-300x208.webp 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/vaucanson_robots-768x532.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>1735-37 k\u00f6z\u00f6tt Vaucanson k\u00e9t \u00e9letnagys\u00e1g\u00fa automat\u00e1t k\u00e9sz\u00edtett: egy fuvolaj\u00e1t\u00e9kost \u00e9s egy fuvola-dob virtu\u00f3zt. A fuvolaj\u00e1t\u00e9kos val\u00f3szer\u0171en mozgatta ujjait a fuvola r\u00e9sei felett, \u00e9s meggy\u0151z\u0151en emelte sz\u00e1j\u00e1hoz a hangszert, s t\u00f6bb dallamot is tudott j\u00e1tszani. A m\u00e1sodik figura szint\u00e9n val\u00f3szer\u0171en j\u00e1tszott a f\u00e9lkez\u00e9ben tartott fuvol\u00e1n, mik\u00f6zben m\u00e1sik kez\u00e9vel dobolt: szint\u00e9n t\u00f6bb m\u0171sorsz\u00e1m el\u0151ad\u00e1s\u00e1ra volt k\u00e9pes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"253\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/fuvolazo.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-150\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Vaucanson eredeti &#8220;anat\u00f3miai modellez\u00e9ssel&#8221; kapcsolatos terveinek lesz\u00e1rmazottja az a legismertebb alkot\u00e1sak\u00e9nt sz\u00e1montartott szerkezet, melyben az emberi szervezet \u00e1br\u00e1zol\u00e1sa helyett egy kacsa \u00e9letm\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9seit szimul\u00e1lta. Az \u00e9letnagys\u00e1g\u00fa, aranyozott r\u00e9zb\u0151l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt automata enni-inni volt k\u00e9pes. A k\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9g azonban legink\u00e1bb a baromfi \u00e1ltal kiv\u00e1lasztott b\u00fcd\u00f6s goly\u00f3csk\u00e1kon lep\u0151d\u00f6tt meg, melyek egy t\u00f6bb\u00e9-kev\u00e9sb\u00e9 term\u00e9szetesnek t\u0171n\u0151 em\u00e9szt\u00e9si folyamat eredm\u00e9nyei voltak. A kacs\u00e1n tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 nyithat\u00f3 megfigyel\u0151ny\u00edl\u00e1sokon kereszt\u00fcl lehet\u0151s\u00e9g volt arra, hogy az \u00e9rdekl\u0151d\u0151k bepillant\u00e1st nyerjenek az &#8220;em\u00e9szt\u00e9si folyamatba&#8221;.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.swarthmore.edu\/Humanities\/pschmid1\/essays\/pynchon\/vaucanson.html\">http:\/\/www.swarthmore.edu\/Humanities\/pschmid1\/essays\/pynchon\/vaucanson.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/duck_vaucanson_automaton.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-154\" width=\"199\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/duck_vaucanson_automaton.jpg 189w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/duck_vaucanson_automaton-184x300.jpg 184w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"223\" height=\"284\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/vaucanson_duck_automaton.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-156\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/duck_automaton_vaucanson_vidoni.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-158\" width=\"293\" height=\"237\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-vimeo wp-block-embed-vimeo wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Canard Dig\u00e9rateur\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/14904318?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture; clipboard-write\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/vaucansonduck.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-160\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/vaucansonduck.webp 1024w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/vaucansonduck-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/vaucansonduck-768x576.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A sv\u00e1jci Pierre Jaquet Droz \u00e9s fia Henri-Louis(1753-1791) \u00e9s t\u00e1rsuk Jean-Frederic Leschott h\u00e1rom rendk\u00edv\u00fcl \u00e9leth\u0171, \u00e9letnagys\u00e1g\u00fa automat\u00e1t (a M\u00fbv\u00e9sz, az \u00cdr\u00f3, \u00e9s a Zen\u00e9sz) k\u00e9sz\u00edtettek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Restauration des automates de Pierre et Henri Louis Jaquet Droz\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IeTOqDb-86s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"JAQUET DROZ PRESS CONFERENCE &quot;AUTOMATES ET MERVEILLES&quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/g1gqYwy9fOs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A M\u0171v\u00e9sz n\u00e9gy k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u00f4 arck\u00e9p megrajzol\u00e1s\u00e1ra volt k\u00e9pes:XVI. Lajos \u00e9s Marie Antoanette, XV. Lajos francia kir\u00e1ly, Cupido \u00e9s egy kutya portr\u00e9it k\u00e9sz\u00edtette el.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"202\" height=\"342\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/drozartist.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-162\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/drozmuveszrajzok.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-164\" width=\"445\" height=\"243\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Az \u00cdr\u00f3 bonyolultabb volt, 40 bet\u0171b\u0151l b\u00e1rmilyen szekvenci\u00e1t k\u00e9pes volt lejegyezni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"210\" height=\"318\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/drozwriter.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-166\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A Zen\u00e9sz klavichordon j\u00e1tszott, s a billenty\u00fbket val\u00f3ban ujjainak nyom\u00e1s\u00e1val sz\u00f3laltatta meg. (Jelent\u0151s r\u00e9szben Mallardet k\u00e9sz\u00edtette, ld al\u00e1bb.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"189\" height=\"208\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/drozmusic.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-168\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"152\" height=\"217\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/mallardetkez.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-170\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A h\u00e1rom figura jelenleg a Neuchatel T\u00f6rt\u00e9neti M\u00fazeumban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3. A szerkezetek m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9se a b\u00fctyk\u00f6stengely elv\u00e9n alapult.<br>Henri Maillardet (1745-?) a Droz-m\u0171hely munkat\u00e1rsa t\u00f6bb android k\u00f6z\u00f6tt k\u00e9sz\u00edtett egy \u00edr\u00f3-rajzol\u00f3 figur\u00e1t 1815 k\u00f6r\u00fcl. A rug\u00f3s szerkezet t\u00f6bbf\u00e9le versik\u00e9t \u00e9s h\u00e9tf\u00e9le k\u00e9pet k\u00e9pes pap\u00edrra vetni. A k\u00e9z, a fej \u00e9s a szemek mozg\u00e1s\u00e1t t\u00f6bb b\u00fctyk\u00f6shengeren elhelyezett &#8220;b\u00fcty\u00f6kcsoportok&#8221; kombin\u00e1ci\u00f3ja szab\u00e1lyozza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Franklin Institute&#039;s Maillardet Automaton Demo 11\/04\/07\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lwkkDfs-RKg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"249\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/drawingfigurelarge.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/drawingfigurelarge.jpg 249w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/drawingfigurelarge-191x300.jpg 191w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 249px) 100vw, 249px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/drawing.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-176\" width=\"326\" height=\"232\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1gban Pierre Kinzing Marie Antoanette sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra 1785-ben k\u00e9sz\u00edtett egy cimbalmoz\u00f3 androidot, mely 8 f\u00e9le dallamot volt k\u00e9pes elj\u00e1tszani.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/kintzingcimbalmozo.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-178\" width=\"276\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/kintzingcimbalmozo.jpg 238w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/kintzingcimbalmozo-230x300.jpg 230w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 276px) 100vw, 276px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/kintzingcimbalmozo_reszlet.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-180\" width=\"243\" height=\"359\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Demonstration of David Roentgen&#039;s Automaton of Queen Marie Antoinette, The Dulcimer Player\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nITEU4fsqCU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Web serie - Episode 3 : L&#039;Andro\u00efde de Marie-Antoinette\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pSxWmJLAaEg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"David Roentgen&#039;s Automaton of Queen Marie Antoinette, The Dulcimer Player (La Joueuse de Tympanon)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2OMoo3y5WIQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Joueuse de Tympanon - automate\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/75CXFwgslsY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A fenti automat\u00e1k mai megfelel\u0151i mindennapi k\u00f6rnyezet\u00fcnk r\u00e9szei, legyen sz\u00f3 egyszer\u0171 mozg\u00f3 kirakati bab\u00e1kr\u00f3l, vagy val\u00f3di interakci\u00f3ra k\u00e9pes robotokr\u00f3l. \u00c9rdemes megeml\u00e9kezni a huszadik sz\u00e1zad egyik legh\u00edresebb \u00e9s legnagyobb k\u00f6lts\u00e9get felem\u00e9szt\u00f4 androidj\u00e1r\u00f3l, a Walt Disney m\u00fbhelyeiben k\u00e9sz\u00fclt Abraham Lincolnr\u00f3l.<br>A Lincoln-robot volt a Disney theme-parkokban az\u00f3ta is l\u00e1that\u00f3 &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audio-Animatronics\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Audio-animatronics<\/a>&#8221; rendszerek egyik els\u0151 p\u00e9ld\u00e1nya, melyet az 1964-es vil\u00e1gki\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1son mutattak be New Yorkban. Az &#8220;Animatronics&#8221; szerkezetek abban k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6znek az &#8220;igazi&#8221; androidokt\u00f3l, hogy el\u0151re r\u00f6gz\u00edtett koreogr\u00e1fia alapj\u00e1n, audiovizu\u00e1lis konzerveket felhaszn\u00e1lva m\u0171k\u00f6d\u0151 &#8220;robot-sz\u00edndarabot&#8221; j\u00e1tszanak el a n\u00e9z\u0151k k\u00edv\u00e1ncsi tekinteteinek keresztt\u00fcz\u00e9ben. A n\u00e9z\u0151k teh\u00e1t egy sz\u00ednh\u00e1zszer\u0171 szcen\u00e1ri\u00f3 n\u00e9z\u0151ter\u00e9n foglalnak helyet, s semmif\u00e9le interakci\u00f3ba nem tudnak l\u00e9pni az sz\u00edndarab Animatronics szerepl\u0151ivel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lincoln karossz\u00e9kben \u00fcl, szem\u00e9t, nyelv\u00e9t, ajkait mozgatja, majd karjaival a karossz\u00e9k t\u00e1ml\u00e1j\u00e1ra csapva fel\u00e1ll \u00e9s megsz\u00f3lal. A szabads\u00e1gr\u00f3l \u00e9s a f\u00fcggetlens\u00e9gr\u0151l besz\u00e9l. B\u0151re Duraflex muanyagb\u00f3l van, s\u0171r\u00edtett leveg\u0151vel m\u0171k\u00f6dik, \u00e9s 16 f\u00e9le kifejez\u00e9sre k\u00e9pes, mosolyog, szem\u00f6ld\u00f6keit felh\u00fazza stb. Hangj\u00e1t magn\u00f3szalagr\u00f3l adj\u00e1k, s magn\u00f3szalag ir\u00e1ny\u00edtja mozdulatait is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"844\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/linc3.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-182\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"283\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/linc1.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-184\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"569\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/linc2.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-186\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Ma m\u00e1r term\u00e9szetesen korszer\u0171 eszk\u00f6z\u00f6kkel sz\u00f3nokol:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"New Hall of Presidents with Donald Trump - FULL SHOW\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LqBTw_fye1c?start=390&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Abraham Lincoln Audio-Animatronic Facial Demonstration\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hEJwvvQnP2w?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"GIANT ANIMATRONIC HEAD: SIEMENS Behind The Scenes - Legacy Effects\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/L3gE1Zp9Vt8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Robocup - The Humanoid League: Kid Size\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6ibH-sZ7458?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A n\u00e9met skolasztikus filoz\u00f3fus \u00e9s tud\u00f3s Albertus Magnus (1193?-1280) felt\u00e9telezett alkot\u00f3ja egy f\u00e9mb\u0151l, viaszb\u00f3l, b\u0151rb\u0151l \u00e9s \u00fcvegb\u0151l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt mechanikus embernek, illetve egy &#8220;besz\u00e9l\u0151 emberfej&#8221;-nek. N\u00e1poly legend\u00e1s Virgilius p\u00fcsp\u00f6k\u00e9nek nev\u00e9hez f\u0171z\u0151dik egy &#8220;nagy r\u00e9z l\u00e9gy&#8221; k\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9se, mely olyan sikerrel vad\u00e1szott a v\u00e1rosi legyekre, hogy nyolc \u00e9ven \u00e1t nem romlott meg h\u00fas a v\u00e1rosban. Term\u00e9szetesen ide tartozik [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":707,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-97","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/97","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=97"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/97\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":188,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/97\/revisions\/188"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/707"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=97"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}