{"id":621,"date":"2024-02-04T21:04:30","date_gmt":"2024-02-04T21:04:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/?page_id=621"},"modified":"2024-04-17T09:51:22","modified_gmt":"2024-04-17T09:51:22","slug":"4-6-szemelyi-szamitogepek","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/bevezetes-a-szamitogepek-anarcheologiajaba\/4-6-szemelyi-szamitogepek\/","title":{"rendered":"4.6 Szem\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Az integr\u00e1lt \u00e1ramk\u00f6rt (Integrated Circuit, IC) 1959-ben szabadalmaztatj\u00e1k (febru\u00e1r 6-\u00e1n Jack Kilby, j\u00falius 30-\u00e1n pedig Robert Noyce). Az els\u0151 minisz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p, melybe IC-ket \u00e9p\u00edtenek, az IBM System\/360-vel kompatibilis, Scientific Data Systems \u00e1ltal 1965 tavasz\u00e1n bejelentett g\u00e9p volt. A hatvanas \u00e9vek v\u00e9g\u00e9re, a hetvenes \u00e9vek elej\u00e9re v\u00e1lik \u00e1ltal\u00e1noss\u00e1 az IC-k haszn\u00e1lata a minisz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9ben.<br><br><br><strong>1968<\/strong><br><strong>Stanley Kubrick: 2001 \u00dbrod\u00fcsszeia (2001: A Space Odyssey)<\/strong><br>A film forgat\u00f3k\u00f6nyv\u00e9nek alapj\u00e1ul Arthur C. Clark 1964-ben publik\u00e1lt, azonos c\u00edm\u0171 kisreg\u00e9nye szolg\u00e1lt. A t\u00f6rt\u00e9netet Kubrick-kal az eredeti t\u00f6rt\u00e9nett\u0151l egy\u00e9bk\u00e9nt t\u00f6bb helyen elt\u00e9r\u0151 film rendez\u0151j\u00e9vel k\u00f6z\u00f6sen alak\u00edtott\u00e1k a k\u00f6nyv \u00edr\u00e1s\u00e1val p\u00e1rhuzamosan. A filmben t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r felhangzanak Ligeti Gy\u00f6rgy kompoz\u00edci\u00f3i. A t\u00f6rt\u00e9netben szerepel egy HAL-9000 nev\u0171 intelligens sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p, melynek &#8220;karakter\u00e9t&#8221; a m\u00e1sodik vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa alatt a brit k\u00f3dfejt\u0151k\u00f6zpontban, a Blechley Parkban Alan Turinggel egy\u00fctt dolgoz\u00f3 I.J. Good \u00e9s (a senkivel egy\u00fctt nem dolgoz\u00f3, \u00e1m emblematikus szem\u00e9lyis\u00e9g:)Marvin Minsky mesters\u00e9ges intelligenci\u00e1val kapcsolatos publik\u00e1ci\u00f3i ihlett\u00e9k.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Encounter with Monolith on the Moon (Ligeti &#8211; Requiem) &#8211; 2001: A Space Odyssey&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GPKg2c_bRCs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GPKg2c_bRCs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Space Odyssey 2001 - Encounter with monolith (movie scene)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GPKg2c_bRCs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Deactivation scene of HAL 9000&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=c8N72t7aScY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=c8N72t7aScY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Deactivation of Hal 9000\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/c8N72t7aScY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1969<\/strong><br><strong>Az internet \u00f4s\u00e9nek tekintett ARPANET h\u00e1l\u00f3zat ki\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9se.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1969-ben 4 int\u00e9zm\u00e9ny k\u00f6z\u00f6tt j\u00f6n l\u00e9tre \u00e1lland\u00f3 h\u00e1l\u00f3zati \u00f6sszek\u00f6ttet\u00e9s: UCLA, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), UC Santa Barbara (UCSB), University of Utah in Salt Lake City. (ld a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 el\u0151ad\u00e1sok anyag\u00e1t)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ARPAnet &#8211; the team behind the internet&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Cg_XeRSD6Rg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Cg_XeRSD6Rg<\/a><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ebben az \u00e9vben kezdi el Kerningham \u00e9s Thompson fejleszteni az els\u0151 t\u00f6bbfelhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3s, azokat id\u0151oszt\u00e1sos rendszerben szimult\u00e1n kiszolg\u00e1l\u00f3 oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszer, a UNIX kifejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1971<\/strong><br><strong>A szem\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p gy\u00f6kereit az 1971-ben kereskedelmi forgalomban el\u00e9rhet\u0151v\u00e9 v\u00e1l\u00f3 hajl\u00e9konylemez \u00e9s mikroprocesszor jelentik. Az \u00fajonnan alap\u00edtott INTEL Corporation ekkor dobja piacra az asztali sz\u00e1mol\u00f3g\u00e9pekhez tervezett Intel 4004-es mikroprocesszort. Az IBM ebben az \u00e9vben dobja piacra a 8&#8221;-es (t\u00f6bb, mint 20 cm \u00e1tm\u00e9r\u0151j\u0171) hajl\u00e9konylemezt.<\/strong><br><br><br><strong>1972<\/strong><br>Az els\u0151 szem\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p(ink\u00e1bb sz\u00e1mol\u00f3g\u00e9p) megjelen\u00e9se: a MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) 816. Komoly lelkesed\u00e9st v\u00e1ltott ki a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pes amat\u0151r\u00f6k k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, mivel az els\u0151, \u00f6sszeszerelend\u0151-k\u00e9szletben megv\u00e1s\u00e1rolhat\u00f3 programozhat\u00f3 sz\u00e1mol\u00f3g\u00e9p volt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/mits_816.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-623\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/mits_816.jpg 480w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/mits_816-300x253.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1974<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Az Intel bemutatja 8080-as processzor\u00e1t, melyet k\u00f6zleked\u00e9si l\u00e1mp\u00e1k vez\u00e9rl\u00e9s\u00e9hez tervezett, k\u00e9s\u0151bb ez a chip az els\u0151 szem\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek motorj\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00e1lik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ebben az \u00e9vben jelennek meg az els\u0151 bankjegykiad\u00f3 automat\u00e1k (ATM machines)<br><br>Megalakul a Zilog corporation, mely az Intel mikroprocesszor-monop\u00f3liuma ellen\u00e9ben harcol (eleinte sikerrel, kb. 20 \u00e9vig val\u00f3ban jobb chipeket gy\u00e1rtanak, mint az Intel).<br><br><strong>Gary Kildall bemutatja a CP\/M oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszert, mely hardvert<\/strong>\u0151<strong>l (platformt\u00f3l) f\u00fcggetlen, \u00edgy elvileg k\u00e9pes b\u00e1rmilyen sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pen futni. Az alkatr\u00e9szekt<\/strong>\u0151<strong>l (hardvert<\/strong>\u0151<strong>l) f\u00fcggetlen program gondolata el<\/strong>\u0151<strong>sz\u00f6r val\u00f3sul meg a f\u00f6ld nev\u0171 bolyg\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kildall feles\u00e9g\u00e9vel alap\u00edtja meg a Digital Research Corporationt (eredetileg Intergalactic Digital Research), amely sok\u00e1ig sok borsot t\u00f6r a Microsoft orra al\u00e1, s az ezredfordul\u00f3ig jelent\u0151s szoftverfejleszt\u0151 marad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hackaday.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/gary.png?w=800\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Man Who COULD Have Been Bill Gates [Gary Kildall]\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/sDIK-C6dGks?start=225&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"361\" height=\"457\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/CP\u2044M_Ad_Dec_11_1978.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-625\" style=\"width:326px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/CP\u2044M_Ad_Dec_11_1978.png 361w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/CP\u2044M_Ad_Dec_11_1978-237x300.png 237w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 361px) 100vw, 361px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"499\" height=\"680\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/CP\u2044M_Ad_InfoWorld_November_29_1982.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-627\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/CP\u2044M_Ad_InfoWorld_November_29_1982.jpg 499w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/CP\u2044M_Ad_InfoWorld_November_29_1982-220x300.jpg 220w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1975<\/strong><br><strong>Az els<\/strong><strong>\u0151<\/strong><strong>, behat\u00f3bb elektronikai\/ m\u00e9rn\u00f6ki ismeretek n\u00e9lk\u00fcl \u00f6sszerakhat\u00f3, (k\u00e9szletben \u00e9s \u00f6sszeszerelve egyar\u00e1nt) megv\u00e1s\u00e1rolhat\u00f3 szem\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p megjelen\u00e9se: MITS Altair 8800.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Altair_Computer_Ad_May_1975-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-629\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Altair_Computer_Ad_May_1975-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Altair_Computer_Ad_May_1975-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Altair_Computer_Ad_May_1975-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Altair_Computer_Ad_May_1975-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Altair_Computer_Ad_May_1975.jpg 1650w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Altair 8800 - Video #26 - Pong on the Altair 8800 Front Panel\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/BZykunYYeQk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Altair 8800 &#8211; Video #26 &#8211; Pong on the Altair 8800 Front Panel (1:25-t\u0151l van a j\u00e1t\u00e9k):\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BZykunYYeQk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BZykunYYeQk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Altair 8800 - Video #25 - CP\/M AutoExec on Boot\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RxrPmbsmyBs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><br>Altair 8800 &#8211; Video #25 &#8211; CP\/M AutoExec on Boot:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/RxrPmbsmyBs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/RxrPmbsmyBs<br><\/a><br>Altair 8800 &#8211; Video #29 &#8211; Music on an Altair 8800:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/1FDigtF0dRQ?list=PLB3mwSROoJ4KLWM8KwK0cD1dhX35wILBj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/1FDigtF0dRQ?list=PLB3mwSROoJ4KLWM8KwK0cD1dhX35wILBj<br><\/a><br>Altair 8800 &#8211; Video #32 &#8211; BASIC version 1.0:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/9s9N3OXHmN0?list=PLB3mwSROoJ4KLWM8KwK0cD1dhX35wILBj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/9s9N3OXHmN0?list=PLB3mwSROoJ4KLWM8KwK0cD1dhX35wILBj<br><\/a><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bill Gates \u00e9s Paul Allen erre a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pre \u00edrj\u00e1k els<\/strong><strong>\u0151<\/strong><strong>&nbsp;megv\u00e1s\u00e1rolhat\u00f3 programjukat, egy BASIC ford\u00edt\u00f3t.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"783\" height=\"588\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Altair_BASIC_Paper_Tape.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-631\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Altair_BASIC_Paper_Tape.jpg 783w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Altair_BASIC_Paper_Tape-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Altair_BASIC_Paper_Tape-768x577.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 783px) 100vw, 783px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>By 1975 the market for the personal computer was demanding a product that did not require an electrical engineering background and thus the first mass produced and marketed personal computer (available both as a kit or assembled) was welcomed with openarms.&nbsp;<strong>Developers Edward Roberts, William Yates and Jim Bybee spent 1973-1974 to develop the MITS Altair 8800.<\/strong>&nbsp;The price was $375, contained 256 bytes of memory (not 256k),but had no keyboard, no display, and no auxiliary storage device. Later,&nbsp;<strong>Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote their first product for the Altair &#8212; a BASIC compiler.<\/strong>&nbsp;The Altair named after a planet on a &#8220;Star Trek&#8221; episode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"331\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/mits_altair_8800.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-633\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/mits_altair_8800.jpg 500w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/mits_altair_8800-300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ugyanebben az \u00e9vben mutatja be az IBM a saj\u00e1t szem\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p\u00e9t, \u00e1m az a borsos \u00e1ra miatt nem lesz kelend\u0151 a hobbi-sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pesek vil\u00e1g\u00e1ban.<br>IBM 5100 First Portable Computer commercial 1977:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9m54rKlErwA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9m54rKlErwA<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"IBM 5100 First Portable Computer commercial 1977\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9m54rKlErwA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><br>Szint\u00e9n 1975-ben alakul meg a Cray Research Company, mely a 90-es \u00e9vek legv\u00e9g\u00e9ig a szupersz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek fejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9t t\u0171zi z\u00e1szlaj\u00e1ra.<br><br><br><strong>1976<\/strong><br><strong>Egyetlen \u00e9vvel az ALTAIR megjelen\u00e9se ut\u00e1n Steve Jobs \u00e9s Steve Wozniak megalkotj\u00e1k az Apple m\u00e1rkajel\u0171 sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p\u00fcket, mely klaviat\u00far\u00e1t \u00e9s (TV)monitort haszn\u00e1lt interf\u00e9szk\u00e9nt. Gates \u00e9s Allan 1975-ben alap\u00edtj\u00e1k meg a Microsoft Corporation-t, nagyj\u00e1b\u00f3l egyid\u0151ben azzal, hogy Jobs \u00e9s Wozniak l\u00e9trehozz\u00e1k az Apple Corporation-t.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"622\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_I_Computer-1024x622.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-635\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_I_Computer-1024x622.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_I_Computer-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_I_Computer-768x466.jpg 768w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_I_Computer-1536x933.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_I_Computer-2048x1243.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Apple 1 Games:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EIHMfpKwjkw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EIHMfpKwjkw<\/a><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Apple 1 Games\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/EIHMfpKwjkw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Az Apple 2 jelentette a val\u00f3di \u00e1tt\u00f6r\u00e9st:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_II_IMG_4212-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-637\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_II_IMG_4212-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_II_IMG_4212-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_II_IMG_4212-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_II_IMG_4212-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_II_IMG_4212-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Apple_II_IMG_4212-2048x2048.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Apple II &#8211; 1977:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CxJwy8NsXFs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CxJwy8NsXFs<\/a><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Apple II - 1977\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/CxJwy8NsXFs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>First Apple Commercial 1977 by High Technology, Inc.:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FxZ_Z-_j71I\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FxZ_Z-_j71I<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"First Apple Commercial 1977 by High Technology, Inc.\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FxZ_Z-_j71I?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>It was an immediate success, priced within the reach of the enthusiast and supporting some basic software applications that showed its true usefulness. The Apple II was quickly assimilated into schools and colleges and was the basis of many early &#8220;microprocessor&#8221; courses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"330\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/steve_jobs_and_steve_wozniak.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-639\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/steve_jobs_and_steve_wozniak.jpg 500w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/steve_jobs_and_steve_wozniak-300x198.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Original Apple 1 setup &#8211; demo of a working piece of history&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rKiMPCRILpc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rKiMPCRILpc<\/a><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Original Apple 1 setup - demo of a working piece of history\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rKiMPCRILpc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Apple II &#8211; 1977&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CxJwy8NsXFs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CxJwy8NsXFs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Apple II - 1977\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/CxJwy8NsXFs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Apple II Review (commercial)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2_iNKWO3RXY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2_iNKWO3RXY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Apple II Review\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2_iNKWO3RXY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><br><strong>1980<\/strong><br>Alan Shugart t\u00e1vozik az IBM-t\u0151l \u00e9s megalak\u00edtja saj\u00e1t c\u00e9g\u00e9t(Shugart Associates). A merevlemezes t\u00e1rol\u00f3egys\u00e9ggel a szem\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek az addigi pici mem\u00f3riaegys\u00e9g\u00fck, s\u00e9r\u00fcl\u00e9keny hajl\u00e9konylemezegys\u00e9geik behat\u00e1rolta ter\u00fcletr\u0151l \u00e1tl\u00e9phettek a professzion\u00e1lis alkalmaz\u00e1sok vil\u00e1g\u00e1ba, ahol a minisz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pekkel is versenyre kelhettek.<br><br><strong>1981<\/strong><br><strong>Az IBM PC megjelen\u00e9se<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1984 IBM Personal Computer commercial.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1t6o48tHSME\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1t6o48tHSME<\/a><br><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"1984 IBM Personal Computer commercial.\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1t6o48tHSME?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Macintosh 1984 Promotional Video -  with Bill Gates!\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-5zeJyQ31rM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>After waiting for the opposition to soften up the market, IBM entered the field in 1981 with the IBM &#8220;PC&#8221; and supported by the DOS operating system developed under an agreement that gave Microsoft all the profits in exchange for the development costs having been borne by Microsoft.&nbsp;<\/strong>Disregarding CP\/M that had been the choice for earlier machines, IBM chose to go in a radically different direction on the marketing assumption (that turned out to be correct) that the purchasers of the PC were a different breed than those who were prepared to build their own system from a kit. Using a caricature of Charlie Chaplin as the user who was able to take the PC out of the box and immediately begin using it, IBM attracted a community of users who wanted the machine for its usefulness rather than its intrinsic engineering appeal.<br><br>Planning to get ahead of the competition Osborne Computer Corporation began marketing the first self-contained, portable microcomputer in 1981, complete with a with monitor, disk drives and carrying case &#8212; the Osborne 1. Though initially successful, Osborne eventually declared bankruptcy two years later.<br><br>That same year Commodore introduced the VIC-20, and quickly sold 1 million units!<br><br><br><a href=\"http:\/\/szmz.mke.hu\/comparch\/muzeum\/index\/index.htm\">Sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p-m\u00fazeum (chip magazin 1999)<\/a><br><br><br><a href=\"http:\/\/szmz.mke.hu\/comparch\/command.txt\">At the beginning was the command line (Neal Stephenson, 1999; local mirror from http:\/\/www.cryptonomicon.com\/beginning.html)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Az integr\u00e1lt \u00e1ramk\u00f6rt (Integrated Circuit, IC) 1959-ben szabadalmaztatj\u00e1k (febru\u00e1r 6-\u00e1n Jack Kilby, j\u00falius 30-\u00e1n pedig Robert Noyce). Az els\u0151 minisz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p, melybe IC-ket \u00e9p\u00edtenek, az IBM System\/360-vel kompatibilis, Scientific Data Systems \u00e1ltal 1965 tavasz\u00e1n bejelentett g\u00e9p volt. A hatvanas \u00e9vek v\u00e9g\u00e9re, a hetvenes \u00e9vek elej\u00e9re v\u00e1lik \u00e1ltal\u00e1noss\u00e1 az IC-k haszn\u00e1lata a minisz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9ben. 1968Stanley Kubrick: 2001 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":707,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-621","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/621","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=621"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/621\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":752,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/621\/revisions\/752"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/707"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=621"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}