{"id":609,"date":"2024-02-04T20:44:49","date_gmt":"2024-02-04T20:44:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/?page_id=609"},"modified":"2024-02-12T11:05:42","modified_gmt":"2024-02-12T11:05:42","slug":"4-5-szamitogep-generaciok","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/bevezetes-a-szamitogepek-anarcheologiajaba\/4-5-szamitogep-generaciok\/","title":{"rendered":"4.5 Sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p-gener\u00e1ci\u00f3k"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>&#8211; Els\u0151 gener\u00e1ci\u00f3: rel\u00e9 \u00e9s elektroncs\u0151<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"810\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Electronic_component_relays-1024x810.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-611\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Electronic_component_relays-1024x810.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Electronic_component_relays-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Electronic_component_relays-768x608.jpg 768w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Electronic_component_relays.jpg 1338w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A mai \u00e9rtelemben vett elektroncs\u00f6veket a huszadik sz\u00e1zad hajnal\u00e1n hoznak el\u0151sz\u00f6r l\u00e9tre(di\u00f3da John Ambrose Flemming 1904, tri\u00f3da Lee de Forest 1905). Felfedezt\u00e9k azt is, hogy nemcsak er\u0151s\u00edt\u0151k\u00e9nt, hanem kapcsol\u00f3k\u00e9nt is alkalmazhat\u00f3. Eleinte azonban a cs\u00f6vek dr\u00e1g\u00e1k, megb\u00edzhatatlanok \u00e9s r\u00f6vid \u00e9let\u0171ek voltak, csak az 1940-es \u00e9vekt\u0151l haszn\u00e1lt\u00e1k \u0151ket sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek k\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re. Az elektroncs\u00f6vek sokkal gyorsabb g\u00e9pek \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t tett\u00e9k lehet\u0151v\u00e9, mint a rel\u00e9k. Ennek az eszk\u00f6znek a felhaszn\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1val k\u00e9sz\u00fclt az els\u0151 sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p-gener\u00e1ci\u00f3. Az els\u0151 sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p-gener\u00e1ci\u00f3 ideje nagyj\u00e1b\u00f3l az 1946-1954 k\u00f6z\u00f6tti \u00e9vekre tehet\u0151.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"754\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Radio_vacuum_tubes-1024x754.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-613\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Radio_vacuum_tubes-1024x754.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Radio_vacuum_tubes-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Radio_vacuum_tubes-768x565.jpg 768w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Radio_vacuum_tubes-1536x1131.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Radio_vacuum_tubes-2048x1508.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Vacuum Tube &#8211; Sixty Symbols:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7NCs7YiFRBU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7NCs7YiFRBU<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Vacuum Tube - Sixty Symbols\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7NCs7YiFRBU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; M\u00e1sodik Gener\u00e1ci\u00f3<br><br>A tranzisztort 1947-ben hozta l\u00e9tre a Bell Laborat\u00f3riumban William Shockley, aki ez\u00e9rt azt\u00e1n 1956-ban Nobel-d\u00edjat is kapott. A tal\u00e1lm\u00e1nyt 1948-ban hozt\u00e1k nyilv\u00e1noss\u00e1gra. A tranzisztor t\u00f6meges alkalmaz\u00e1sa a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pekben el\u0151sz\u00f6r az 1950-es \u00e9vek v\u00e9g\u00e9n t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt meg. A tranzisztorokb\u00f3l \u00e9p\u00edtett sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek jelentett\u00e9k a m\u00e1sodik sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p-gener\u00e1ci\u00f3t. Az els\u0151 gener\u00e1ci\u00f3s sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9peket az 1950-es \u00e9vek v\u00e9g\u00e9n \u2013 a 60-as \u00e9vek elej\u00e9n v\u00e1ltott\u00e1k fel a m\u00e1sodik gener\u00e1ci\u00f3s sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek. A tranzisztorokkal ugyanis kisebb, gyorsabb \u00e9s megb\u00edzhat\u00f3bb logikai \u00e1ramk\u00f6r\u00f6ket lehetett k\u00e9sz\u00edteni, mint az elektroncs\u00f6vekkel. A m\u00e1sodik gener\u00e1ci\u00f3s sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek m\u00e1r m\u00e1sodpercenk\u00e9nt egymilli\u00f3 m\u0171veletet is el tudtak v\u00e9gezni. A tranzisztorok sokkal kevesebb energi\u00e1t fogyasztanak \u00e9s sokkal hosszabb \u00e9let\u0171ek. A g\u00e9pek megb\u00edzhat\u00f3s\u00e1ga kb. az ezerszeres\u00e9re n\u0151tt az els\u0151 gener\u00e1ci\u00f3hoz k\u00e9pest. Kisebbek lettek az alkatr\u00e9szek \u00e9s kisebbek lettek az alkatr\u00e9szek k\u00f6z\u00f6tti h\u00e9zagok is. Egy\u00fattal sokkal olcs\u00f3bb\u00e1 is v\u00e1ltak a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek, emiatt n\u0151tt az elad\u00e1sok sz\u00e1ma: csak az IBM 1400-as sorozatb\u00f3l t\u00f6bb mint 17.000 darabot helyeztek \u00fczembe. Szaporodtak a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pgy\u00e1rt\u00e1ssal foglalkoz\u00f3 c\u00e9gek is. A m\u00e1sodik gener\u00e1ci\u00f3 korszak\u00e1t kb. az 1959-1965-\u00f6s \u00e9vekre lehet tenni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"831\" height=\"458\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transbauformen.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-615\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transbauformen.jpg 831w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transbauformen-300x165.jpg 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Transbauformen-768x423.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 831px) 100vw, 831px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>How Does a Transistor Work?\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IcrBqCFLHIY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IcrBqCFLHIY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How Does a Transistor Work?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IcrBqCFLHIY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>MAKE presents: The Transistor\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-td7YT-Pums\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-td7YT-Pums<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"MAKE presents: The Transistor\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-td7YT-Pums?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; Harmadik gener\u00e1ci\u00f3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Az integr\u00e1lt \u00e1ramk\u00f6rt (IC-t) 1958-ban fedezte fel(pontosabban: r\u00e1j\u00f6tt, hogy meg lehet csin\u00e1lni \u00e9s megcsin\u00e1lta) Jack S. Kilby a Texas Instrumentsn\u00e9l \u00e9s Robert Noyce a Fairchild Semiconductorn\u00e1l. Ez az eszk\u00f6z a harmadik gener\u00e1ci\u00f3s sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek jellegzetes \u00e9p\u00edt\u0151eleme. A t\u00f6megtermel\u00e9s 1962-ben indult meg, az els\u0151 integr\u00e1lt \u00e1ramk\u00f6r\u00f6ket tartalmaz\u00f3 sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek pedig 1964-ben ker\u00fcltek kereskedelmi forgalomba. Megjelenik a b\u00e1jt-szervez\u00e9s \u00e9s az input-output processzor is. A sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek t\u00f6bb tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9get tudnak p\u00e1rhuzamosan v\u00e9gezni. El\u0151rel\u00e9p\u00e9sek t\u00f6rt\u00e9nnek a t\u00e1vadat\u00e1tvitelben. Az integr\u00e1lt \u00e1ramk\u00f6r\u00f6k tov\u00e1bb cs\u00f6kkentett\u00e9k a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek \u00e1r\u00e1t, m\u00e9ret\u00e9t \u00e9s meghib\u00e1sod\u00e1si gyakoris\u00e1g\u00e1t. Ez tov\u00e1bb n\u00f6velte a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek ir\u00e1nti keresletet: az 1970-es \u00e9vek elej\u00e9re t\u00f6bb mint 100.000 nagysz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pet \u00e9s ugyancsak t\u00f6bb mint 100.000 minisz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pet helyeztek \u00fczembe. A harmadik gener\u00e1ci\u00f3 korszak\u00e1t kb. az 1965-1971-es \u00e9vekre lehet tenni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"946\" height=\"652\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/51c0d009ce395feb33000000.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-617\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/51c0d009ce395feb33000000.jpg 946w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/51c0d009ce395feb33000000-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/51c0d009ce395feb33000000-768x529.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 946px) 100vw, 946px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>MAKE presents: The Integrated Circuit\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"MAKE presents: The Integrated Circuit\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uSRIc-sEgPw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; Negyedik gener\u00e1ci\u00f3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Az 1970-es \u00e9vek k\u00f6zepe \u00f3ta sz\u00e1m\u00edthatjuk az idej\u00e9t \u00e9s a mai napig tart. A g\u00e9pek igen nagy integr\u00e1lts\u00e1g\u00fa (VLSI, Very Large Scale Integration) \u00e1ramk\u00f6r\u00f6kb\u0151l \u00e9p\u00fclnek fel. \u00c1ltal\u00e1noss\u00e1 v\u00e1lik a f\u00e9lvezet\u0151s, integr\u00e1lt \u00e1ramk\u00f6r\u00f6kb\u0151l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt mem\u00f3ria is. Nincsenek alapvet\u0151 v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sok a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek szervez\u00e9s\u00e9ben, a kor\u00e1bban m\u00e1r bevezetett megold\u00e1sokat t\u00f6k\u00e9letes\u00edtik. Az \u00faj technol\u00f3gi\u00e1nak k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151en tov\u00e1bb cs\u00f6kken a hardver \u00e1ra, egy sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9prendszer \u00e1r\u00e1nak m\u00e1r ak\u00e1r 75%-a is lehet a szoftver. A sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek programoz\u00e1sa szinte kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag magas szint\u0171 nyelveken t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik. A t\u00e1vadat\u00e1tvitel lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi gyakorlatilag b\u00e1rmelyik k\u00e9t g\u00e9p \u00f6sszekapcsol\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00e9s napjainkra m\u00e1r szinte mindegyik sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p kapcsol\u00f3dik valamilyen h\u00e1l\u00f3zathoz. Megjelenik a mikroprocesszor, majd ezt felhaszn\u00e1lva megjelenik \u00e9s rohamosan elterjed a szem\u00e9lyi sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p. \u00c1ltal\u00e1noss\u00e1 v\u00e1lik haszn\u00e1latuk sz\u00f6vegszerkeszt\u00e9sre, t\u00e1bl\u00e1zatkezel\u00e9sre, grafik\u00e1ra, adatb\u00e1ziskezel\u00e9sre, stb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8211; Els\u0151 gener\u00e1ci\u00f3: rel\u00e9 \u00e9s elektroncs\u0151 A mai \u00e9rtelemben vett elektroncs\u00f6veket a huszadik sz\u00e1zad hajnal\u00e1n hoznak el\u0151sz\u00f6r l\u00e9tre(di\u00f3da John Ambrose Flemming 1904, tri\u00f3da Lee de Forest 1905). Felfedezt\u00e9k azt is, hogy nemcsak er\u0151s\u00edt\u0151k\u00e9nt, hanem kapcsol\u00f3k\u00e9nt is alkalmazhat\u00f3. Eleinte azonban a cs\u00f6vek dr\u00e1g\u00e1k, megb\u00edzhatatlanok \u00e9s r\u00f6vid \u00e9let\u0171ek voltak, csak az 1940-es \u00e9vekt\u0151l haszn\u00e1lt\u00e1k \u0151ket sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek k\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":707,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-609","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/609","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=609"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/609\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":619,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/609\/revisions\/619"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/707"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=609"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}