{"id":59,"date":"2023-07-16T11:22:25","date_gmt":"2023-07-16T11:22:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/?page_id=59"},"modified":"2024-02-12T10:48:42","modified_gmt":"2024-02-12T10:48:42","slug":"1-2-gorog-automatak","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/bevezetes-a-szamitogepek-anarcheologiajaba\/1-2-gorog-automatak\/","title":{"rendered":"1.2 G\u00f6r\u00f6g automat\u00e1k &#8211; Kt\u00e9szibiosz, Phil\u00f3n \u00e9s Her\u00f3n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>L\u00e1ssuk teh\u00e1t a geogr\u00e1fiailag, illetve kultur\u00e1lisan hozz\u00e1nk k\u00f6zelebb es\u0151 adatokat: a legenda szintj\u00e9n &#8212; vagy legal\u00e1bbis konkr\u00e9t le\u00edr\u00e1s n\u00e9lk\u00fcl &#8212; ismert els\u0151 \u00f3kori \u00f6nszab\u00e1lyz\u00f3 rendszerek \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban ember vagy \u00e1llat mozg\u00e1s\u00e1t ut\u00e1nozt\u00e1k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"765\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Kircher_Archutas_pigeon-765x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-61\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Kircher_Archutas_pigeon-765x1024.jpg 765w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Kircher_Archutas_pigeon-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Kircher_Archutas_pigeon-768x1027.jpg 768w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Kircher_Archutas_pigeon.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Athanasius KIRCHER,<em>&nbsp;Magnes sive de arte magnetica,&nbsp;<\/em>Coloniae Agrippinae, Iodocum Kalcoven, 1643, p.314. <sub>&#8220;<em>Non rota, nec ventus, sed lapis urget opus.<\/em>&#8220;<br>\u201cIt\u2019s not a wheel; nor the wind, but a stone that does the job.\u201d<\/sub><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Thales_pigeon_replica-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-63\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Thales_pigeon_replica-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Thales_pigeon_replica-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Thales_pigeon_replica-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Thales_pigeon_replica-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Thales_pigeon_replica-2048x1152.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Replica of &#8220;Peristera&#8221;. A steam-powered, air-propelled, non-guiding flying machine made by Archytas of Taras. Kotsanas Museum, Athens.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A Tarentumi&nbsp;Arkh\u00fct\u00e1sz&nbsp;az i.e. V-IV. sz\u00e1zadban rep\u00fclni tud\u00f3 fagalambot \u00e9p\u00edtett, D\u00e9m\u00e9triosz Phal\u00e9reusz az i.e. IV-III. sz\u00e1zadban k\u00faszni k\u00e9pes csig\u00e1t. II. Ptolemaiosz Philadephosz egyiptomi f\u00e1ra\u00f3nak (i.e. 309-246) volt egy embert ut\u00e1nz\u00f3 androidja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-vimeo wp-block-embed-vimeo wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Demetrios snail\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/37260914?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture; clipboard-write\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/37260914\">The Demetrios snail<\/a>&nbsp;from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/machinatorium\">Henning M. Lederer<\/a>&nbsp;on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/\">Vimeo<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Az \u00f6nszab\u00e1lyz\u00f3 rendszerekkel kapcsolatos legkor\u00e1bbi valamelyest konkr\u00e9t adatok az ie. 250 k\u00f6r\u00fcliek, s szintszab\u00e1lyz\u00e1ssal kapcsolatos szerkezetekr\u0151l sz\u00f3lnak. Az alexandriai&nbsp;Kt\u00e9szibiosz (i.e. 285\u2013222)&nbsp;v\u00edzzel m\u0171k\u00f6d\u0151 id\u0151m\u00e9r\u0151 szerkezete, a biz\u00e1nci Phil\u00f3n(c.\u2009i.e. 280&nbsp;\u2013 c.\u2009i.e. 220) szintszab\u00e1lyz\u00f3s olajm\u00e9csese \u00e9s az alexandriai H\u00e9r\u00f3n(Kt\u00e9szibiosz tan\u00edtv\u00e1nya, c. 10-70 i.sz) borkim\u00e9r\u0151 automat\u00e1ja mind a k\u00f6zleked\u0151ed\u00e9nyek elv\u00e9n m\u0171k\u00f6dnek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"321\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ktesibios.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-67\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The clepsydra of Ctesibius\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/G9t3ddvBkYU?start=20&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Phil\u00f3n az id\u0151sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1sunk el\u0151tti harmadik sz\u00e1zadban \u00e9lt, s b\u00e1r Biz\u00e1ncban sz\u00fcletett, \u00e9lete nagy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t Alexandri\u00e1ban t\u00f6lt\u00f6tte. F\u0151 m\u0171ve a Szintaxis (\u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7,&nbsp;<em>M\u0113khanik\u1e17 S\u00fdntax\u0113<\/em>), melynek egyik fejezete Pneumatik\u00e1va, m\u00e1sik kifejezettten automat\u00e1kkal foglalkozik. Phil\u00f3n h\u0151m\u00e9r\u0151je a z\u00e1rt tart\u00e1lyban felmeleged\u0151 leveg\u0151 \u00e1ltal kiszor\u00edtott v\u00edz mennyis\u00e9g\u00e9vel m\u00e9rte a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9kletet, m\u00e1sik k\u00eds\u00e9rlete pedig az \u00e9g\u0151 gyertya \u00e1ltal elfogyasztott oxig\u00e9n hely\u00e9be nyomul\u00f3 v\u00edz emelked\u00e9s\u00e9t mutatta be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"773\" height=\"581\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Philo_thermometer_fludd.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-71\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Philo_thermometer_fludd.webp 773w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Philo_thermometer_fludd-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Philo_thermometer_fludd-768x577.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 773px) 100vw, 773px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Robert Fludd\u2019s(1574-1637) figure of Philo\u2019s thermometer,which he included on page 204 of the second volume of his Utriusque (1617-24)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A tiszt\u00e1n a k\u00f6zleked\u0151ed\u00e9nyek elv\u00e9n m\u0171k\u00f6d\u0151 egyszer\u0171 \u00f6nszab\u00e1lyz\u00f3 rendszerek mellett k\u00e9sz\u00fcltek bonyolultabb, a l\u00e9gnyom\u00e1st is hasznos\u00edt\u00f3 \u00e9s \u00edgy akusztikus \u00e9lm\u00e9nyt is ny\u00fajt\u00f3 automat\u00e1k is. Szint\u00e9n Phil\u00f3nnak tulajdon\u00edtj\u00e1k az els\u00f4 mad\u00e1rhangot ad\u00f3 automata feltal\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1t:<br><em>V\u00edzen \u00fasz\u00f3, fel\u00fcl z\u00e1rt, alul nyitott ed\u00e9nybe magasabban elhelyezett tart\u00e1lyb\u00f3l v\u00edz hatol: a v\u00edz felemelte a mad\u00e1r sz\u00e1rnyait tart\u00f3 \u00fasz\u00f3kat, ugyanakkor a v\u00edz felsz\u00edne felett \u00f6sszes\u0171r\u00fcs\u00f6d\u0151 leveg\u00f4 a mad\u00e1r tork\u00e1ban elhelyezett s\u00edpba t\u00f3dult. Egyidej\u0171leg a v\u00edz egy \u00fasz\u00f3 k\u00edgy\u00f3 alakj\u00e1t is felemelte, a n\u00e9z\u0151ben az a benyom\u00e1s t\u00e1madt, hogy a mad\u00e1r a k\u00edgy\u00f3t\u00f3l ijedt meg, \u00e9s ez\u00e9rt csapkod sz\u00e1rnyaival, illetve f\u00fcty\u00fcl.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Phil\u00f3n sz\u00e1mos tal\u00e1lm\u00e1nya H\u00e9ron \u00e1ltal tov\u00e1bbgondolt form\u00e1ban, H\u00e1r\u00f3n Pneumatika c\u00edm\u0171 \u00f6sszefoglal\u00f3 m\u0171v\u00e9nek arab ford\u00edt\u00e1sain kereszt\u00fcl marad fenn. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9193781b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"259\" height=\"212\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/heronsziv.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-73\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"258\" height=\"208\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/eolipila.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-75\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Eolipila, Steam engine Hero of Alexandria\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RDABtbUXzYs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Her\u00f3n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/rbc0001.2009gen41532\/?st=gallery&amp;c=160\">Pneumatika<\/a> c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171ve komoly hat\u00e1ssal volt az eur\u00f3pai mechanik\u00e1ra, eg\u00e9szen a 19. sz\u00e1zad k\u00f6zep\u00e9ig sz\u00e1mos kiad\u00e1st \u00e9rt meg. Tal\u00e1lm\u00e1nyai k\u00f6zt megtal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 sz\u00e9lker\u00e9kkel m\u0171k\u00f6d\u0151 orgona, p\u00e9nzbedob\u00e1sra egys\u00e9gnyi szenteltvized porci\u00f3z\u00f3 automata, illetve egy teljesen mechanikus b\u00e1bsz\u00ednh\u00e1z, mely 10 perces b\u00e1bj\u00e1t\u00e9k el\u0151ad\u00e1s\u00e1ra volt k\u00e9pes \u00e9s hanghat\u00e1sokat is felhaszn\u00e1lt a k\u00edv\u00e1nt hat\u00e1s el\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"793\" height=\"765\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Heron_p56.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-81\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Heron_p56.jpg 793w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Heron_p56-300x289.jpg 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Heron_p56-768x741.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0389\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6yYGqISsfB0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Her\u00f3n t\u0171zzel, k\u00f6zleked\u0151ed\u00e9nyekkel, nyom\u00e1sk\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9gekkel \u00e9s szellemes mechanikai megold\u00e1sokkal m\u0171k\u00f6d\u0151 tal\u00e1lm\u00e1nyai sz\u00e1mtalan ter\u00fcleten vannak nagy hat\u00e1ssal az eur\u00f3pai kult\u00far\u00e1ra. A 15-16. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l egyre n\u00e9pszer\u0171bb\u00e9 v\u00e1l\u00f3 sz\u00f6k\u0151kutak sz\u00e1mos \u00f6tletet \u00e1tvesznek a pneumatik\u00e1b\u00f3l, pl. Villa d&#8217;Este at Tivoli., 17. sz\u00e1zadban Heilbronn stb. ld.&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/xroads.virginia.edu\/~DRBR\/b_edini.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/xroads.virginia.edu\/~DRBR\/b_edini.html<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u00e1ssuk teh\u00e1t a geogr\u00e1fiailag, illetve kultur\u00e1lisan hozz\u00e1nk k\u00f6zelebb es\u0151 adatokat: a legenda szintj\u00e9n &#8212; vagy legal\u00e1bbis konkr\u00e9t le\u00edr\u00e1s n\u00e9lk\u00fcl &#8212; ismert els\u0151 \u00f3kori \u00f6nszab\u00e1lyz\u00f3 rendszerek \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban ember vagy \u00e1llat mozg\u00e1s\u00e1t ut\u00e1nozt\u00e1k. A Tarentumi&nbsp;Arkh\u00fct\u00e1sz&nbsp;az i.e. V-IV. sz\u00e1zadban rep\u00fclni tud\u00f3 fagalambot \u00e9p\u00edtett, D\u00e9m\u00e9triosz Phal\u00e9reusz az i.e. IV-III. sz\u00e1zadban k\u00faszni k\u00e9pes csig\u00e1t. II. Ptolemaiosz Philadephosz egyiptomi f\u00e1ra\u00f3nak (i.e. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":707,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-59","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":711,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59\/revisions\/711"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/707"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}