{"id":557,"date":"2024-02-04T19:42:28","date_gmt":"2024-02-04T19:42:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/?page_id=557"},"modified":"2024-02-12T11:06:24","modified_gmt":"2024-02-12T11:06:24","slug":"4-3-anglia-colossus-kodfejtes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/bevezetes-a-szamitogepek-anarcheologiajaba\/4-3-anglia-colossus-kodfejtes\/","title":{"rendered":"4.3 Anglia: Colossus, k\u00f3dfejt\u00e9s"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Capt. Jerry Roberts: I broke Hitler&#039;s top-secret Lorenz code, at Bletchley 1941-45\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OqxDEm0BTw0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Inner Workings of an Enigma Machine\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mcX7iO_XCFA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Operating the Bombe: Jean Valentine&#039;s story\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HYNen5muQSE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A II. vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa alatt tud\u00f3sok \u00e9s matematikusok egy csoportja Bletchley Parkban (Londont\u00f3l \u00e9szakra) l\u00e9trehozta az els\u0151 teljesen elektronikus digit\u00e1lis sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pet, a Colossust. A g\u00e9p 1943 december\u00e9re k\u00e9sz\u00fclt el \u00e9s 1500 elektroncs\u00f6vet tartalmazott. A Colossus kvarcvez\u00e9rl\u00e9s\u0171 volt, 5 kHz-s \u00f3rajellel dolgozott, m\u00e1sodpercenk\u00e9nt 25.000 karaktert tudott feldolgozni. \u00d6sszesen t\u00edz darab ilyen g\u00e9p k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. Rejtjelezett n\u00e9met r\u00e1di\u00f3\u00fczenetek megfejt\u00e9s\u00e9re haszn\u00e1lta sikeresen egy Alan Turing \u00e1ltal vezetett csoport (\u0151 ugyanaz a Turing, aki a kor\u00e1bban eml\u00edtett Turing-g\u00e9pet kital\u00e1lta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A m\u00e1sodik vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa alatt a sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gesek sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra a sikeres partrasz\u00e1ll\u00e1s el\u0151k\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9se \u00e9s v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1sa sor\u00e1n l\u00e9tfontoss\u00e1g\u00fa volt a n\u00e1cik k\u00f3dolt kommunik\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1nak (t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6zt az Enigma-k\u00f3d) felt\u00f6r\u00e9se. Egyesek szerint ennek seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel siker\u00fclt k\u00e9t \u00e9vvel a kor\u00e1bban tervezett el\u0151tt befejezni a h\u00e1bor\u00fat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"262\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/enigma.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-559\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/enigma.jpg 400w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/enigma-300x197.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;<em>Az Enigm\u00e1t 1923-ban Arthur Scherbius n\u00e9met m\u00e9rn\u00f6k tal\u00e1lta fel, aki sok\u00e1ig h\u00e1zalt a titkos\u00edt\u00f3 megold\u00e1ssal, m\u00edg v\u00e9g\u00fcl az a n\u00e9met\u00a0hadsereg kez\u00e9be ker\u00fclt. 1939-re a\u00a0Wehrmacht szinte \u00f6sszes fegyverneme haszn\u00e1lta a k\u00f3dol\u00f3t, \u00edgy annak\u00a0desifr\u00edroz\u00e1sa n\u00e9lk\u00fcl nem volt es\u00e9ly a n\u00e9metek meg\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra. A 30-as \u00e9vekben a lengyelek komoly el\u0151nnyel pr\u00f3b\u00e1lt\u00e1k meg felt\u00f6rni a k\u00f3dot, hiszen titkosszolg\u00e1latuk m\u00e1r a 20-as \u00e9vekt\u0151l v\u00e1s\u00e1rolta az akkor\u00a0m\u00e9g kereskedelmi forgalomban is kaphat\u00f3 v\u00e1ltozatokat. El\u0151sz\u00f6r a lengyelek \u00e9p\u00edtettek k\u00f3dt\u00f6r\u0151 bomb\u00e1kat is, azaz olyan szerkezeteket, melyek mechanikusan pr\u00f3b\u00e1lgatt\u00e1k az adott kombin\u00e1ci\u00f3kat.<br><br>A n\u00e9metek azonban 1938-ban tov\u00e1bbfejlesztett\u00e9k a szerkezetet, \u00e9s a kor\u00e1bbi 3 helyett 5 t\u00e1rcsa ker\u00fclt az Enigm\u00e1ba. A megn\u00f6vekedett sz\u00e1m\u00fa kombin\u00e1ci\u00f3k miatt a lengyeleknek m\u00e1r nem volt kapacit\u00e1suk a k\u00f3dok megfejt\u00e9s\u00e9re, \u00edgy 1939-ben az angolokhoz \u00e9s a franci\u00e1khoz fordultak. A megold\u00e1son az angolok dolgoztak tov\u00e1bb, \u00e9s a munka a Londonhoz k\u00f6zeli Bletchley Parkba ker\u00fclt, ahol t\u00f6bb mint 10 ezren foglalkoztak napi h\u00e1rom m\u0171szakban a hasonl\u00f3 k\u00f3dok megfejt\u00e9s\u00e9vel.<br>Az Alan Turing angol matematikus \u00e1ltal vezetett csoport tov\u00e1bbfejleszette a lengyel bomb\u00e1kat, \u00e9s azok sz\u00e1m\u00e1nak megsokszoroz\u00e1s\u00e1val v\u00e9gre lehet\u0151v\u00e9 v\u00e1lt a k\u00f3dok felt\u00f6r\u00e9se. Mindez azonban nem volt el\u00e9g, hiszen a teljes \u00fczenetek\u00a0\u00e1t\u00edr\u00e1s\u00e1hoz sz\u00fcks\u00e9g volt a naponta v\u00e1ltoz\u00f3 k\u00f3dok k\u00f3dk\u00f6nyveire is. Ezekhez sokszor filmbe ill\u0151 k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6zt jutottak hozz\u00e1 az angolok: az egyiket p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul\u00a0egy tengeralattj\u00e1r\u00f3r\u00f3l kaparintott\u00e1k meg . Ezen a k\u00fcldet\u00e9sen vett r\u00e9szt James Bond sz\u00fcl\u0151atyja, Ian Fleming is.<br><br>Ezut\u00e1n m\u00e1r nem volt meg\u00e1ll\u00e1s: a Turing-bomb\u00e1k naponta t\u00f6bb mint 3000 k\u00f3dolt \u00fczenetet fejtettek meg. A h\u00e1bor\u00fa ut\u00e1n Winston Churchill elrendelte a g\u00e9pek megsemmis\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t, mert att\u00f3l f\u00e9lt, hogy azok rossz kezekbe ker\u00fclhetnek. A\u00a0Bletchley-ben t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt esem\u00e9nyeket titkos\u00edtott\u00e1k, \u00edgy csak az 1970-es \u00e9vekben der\u00fclt f\u00e9ny az ott dolgoz\u00f3k munk\u00e1j\u00e1nak fontoss\u00e1g\u00e1ra.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/turing-bombe.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-561\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/turing-bombe.jpg 400w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/turing-bombe-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"262\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/turing-bombe-reconstruction.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-563\" style=\"width:344px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/turing-bombe-reconstruction.jpg 400w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/turing-bombe-reconstruction-300x197.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"WW2 Codebreakers: Bletchley Park activities revealed in unique footage - The Hidden Film\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MNdPmBqMh_Y?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A Brit Sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pes Sz\u00f6vets\u00e9g \u00e1ltal finansz\u00edrozott projektet a kor\u00e1bban visszavonult sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1stechnikai m\u00e9rn\u00f6k, John Harper vezette. A BBC-nek adott interj\u00faj\u00e1ban elmondta, hogy csak a tervek megszerz\u00e9se \u00e9s sz\u00e9tv\u00e1logat\u00e1sa 2 \u00e9v\u00fckbe ker\u00fclt, m\u00edg a tov\u00e1bbi 8 \u00e9v\u00fck a kattog\u00e1sa miatt bomb\u00e1nak nevezett g\u00e9pek \u00fajraalkot\u00e1s\u00e1val telt.<br><br>A szerkezet \u00fajj\u00e1\u00e9p\u00edt\u0151i akci\u00f3jukat tisztelg\u00e9snek sz\u00e1nj\u00e1k az alkot\u00f3, a homoszexualit\u00e1sa miatt ellehetetlen\u00edtett, \u00f6sztrog\u00e9n injekci\u00f3kkal kezelt Alan Turing eml\u00e9ke el\u0151tt, aki v\u00e9g\u00fcl a h\u00e1bor\u00fa ut\u00e1n ci\u00e1nnal m\u00e9rgezett alm\u00e1ba harapott. (forr\u00e1s:<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mult-kor.hu\/cikk.php?article=14819\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">M\u00falt-kor t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi port\u00e1l<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Colossus &amp; Bletchley Park - Computerphile\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9HH-asvLAj4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Colossus: The World&#039;s First Electronic Computer - The Four Generations of Computers (1\/4)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/EdxBO9jfU8k?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.codesandciphers.org.uk\/lorenz\/colossus.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Colossus its purpose and operation by Tony Sale http:\/\/www.codesandciphers.org.uk\/lorenz\/colossus.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A szob\u00e1nyi g\u00e9pek k\u00f6z\u00fcl nyolcat helyben sz\u00e9tszereltek a h\u00e1bor\u00fa ut\u00e1n, kett\u0151t pedig Londonba, majd Cheltenhamba vittek. 1960-ban azonban ezeket a g\u00e9peket, \u00e9s tervrajzaikat is megsemmis\u00edtett\u00e9k. Akkoriban m\u00e9g l\u00e9tez\u00e9s\u00fck t\u00e9nye is titoknak sz\u00e1m\u00edtott.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A Colosssus m\u0171k\u00f6d\u0151 rekonstrukci\u00f3j\u00e1t n\u00e9h\u00e1ny \u00e9ve saj\u00e1t p\u00e9nz\u00e9b\u0151l \u00e9p\u00edtette meg Tony Sales, akinek nem volt k\u00f6nny\u0171 dolga, a g\u00e9p tervrajza ugyanis akkoriban m\u00e9g a titkos\u00edtott akt\u00e1k k\u00f6z\u00f6tt volt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Az angol korm\u00e1ny csak 2000 szeptember\u00e9\u00e1ben oldotta fel a titkos\u00edt\u00e1st, a Colossusra vonatkoz\u00f3 500 oldalnyi tervrajzot \u00e9s le\u00edr\u00e1st.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>1940-44: Across the Atlantic a major need for supporting the war effort was to decrypt the intercepted messages of the German forces. Encrypted in the early years using the US designed ENIGMA, a team at Bletchley Park, halfway between Oxford and Cambridge Universities, including Alan Turing, built a series of machines culminating in 1943 with Colossus. The Colossus Mark 1 was delivered by the Telephone Research Establishment, under the leadership ofTommy Flowers, in December 1943 and became operational in 1944, decrypting messages to assist in the planning for D-Day later that year. Further machines were delivered in time for the landings in Normandy and played a significant part in the defeat of Nazi Germany. The existence of Colossus was a secret until 1970 and the algorithms of decryption are still a secret in 1995. Turing and others had only a small influence on the British computer development after the war. A copy of Colossus is being reconstructed at the Museum that now exists at Bletchley Park in England. In the US a similar program using the technology transferred from Bletchley Park was undertaken at the United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory (USNCML) in Dayton, Ohio, and later at the Wisconsin Avenue headquarters of what is now known as the National Security Agency (NSA). Besides adding to the code breaking of German Codes the USNCML also worked on Japanese codes. After the war members of this group of engineers founded the Electronic Research Associates (ERA) in Minneapolis.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.picotech.com\/applications\/colossus.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Colossus \u2014 The Worlds First Electronic Computer http:\/\/www.picotech.com\/applications\/colossus.html<\/a><br>Colossus: Creating a Giant:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=knXWMjIA59c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=knXWMjIA59c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00e9s a j\u00f3r\u00e9szt egy mozifilm prom\u00f3ci\u00f3j\u00e1ul szolg\u00e1l\u00f3 dokument\u00e1ci\u00f3: The enigma of WWII codebreaker Alan Turing\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nEomYB94TTI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nEomYB94TTI<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"355\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/colossus_mark-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-565\" style=\"width:327px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/colossus_mark-1.jpg 500w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/colossus_mark-1-300x213.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"309\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/colossus.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-567\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A II. vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa alatt tud\u00f3sok \u00e9s matematikusok egy csoportja Bletchley Parkban (Londont\u00f3l \u00e9szakra) l\u00e9trehozta az els\u0151 teljesen elektronikus digit\u00e1lis sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pet, a Colossust. A g\u00e9p 1943 december\u00e9re k\u00e9sz\u00fclt el \u00e9s 1500 elektroncs\u00f6vet tartalmazott. A Colossus kvarcvez\u00e9rl\u00e9s\u0171 volt, 5 kHz-s \u00f3rajellel dolgozott, m\u00e1sodpercenk\u00e9nt 25.000 karaktert tudott feldolgozni. \u00d6sszesen t\u00edz darab ilyen g\u00e9p k\u00e9sz\u00fclt. Rejtjelezett n\u00e9met r\u00e1di\u00f3\u00fczenetek megfejt\u00e9s\u00e9re [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":707,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-557","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/557","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=557"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/557\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":569,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/557\/revisions\/569"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/707"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=557"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}