{"id":535,"date":"2024-02-04T18:00:55","date_gmt":"2024-02-04T18:00:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/?page_id=535"},"modified":"2024-02-12T11:08:08","modified_gmt":"2024-02-12T11:08:08","slug":"4-1-analog-es-digitalis-szamitogepek-a-20-szazad-elejen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/bevezetes-a-szamitogepek-anarcheologiajaba\/4-1-analog-es-digitalis-szamitogepek-a-20-szazad-elejen\/","title":{"rendered":"4.1 Anal\u00f3g \u00e9s digit\u00e1lis, sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek a 20. sz\u00e1zad elej\u00e9n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Anal\u00f3g vs. digital:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Wax Recording History - Media Recording History 1870-1900\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QZZqta2LVWo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Edison Wax Recording, Guitar &amp; Vocals\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4wtifAGsV3k?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">Korai sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek a huszadik sz\u00e1zad elej\u00e9n<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>A XIX. \u00e9s XX. sz\u00e1zad fordul\u00f3j\u00e1t m\u00e9g a jobb\u00e1ra mechanikus alkatr\u00e9szekb\u0151l \u00e9p\u00edtett anal\u00f3g sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek uralj\u00e1k. (Az 1904-ben felfedezett elektroncs\u0151, illetve az elektronikus jelfog\u00f3k gyakorlati felhaszn\u00e1l\u00e1sa csak az 1930-as \u00e9vekben kezd\u0151dik.)<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Harmonic_analyser_disc_and_sphere-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-537\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Harmonic_analyser_disc_and_sphere-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Harmonic_analyser_disc_and_sphere-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Harmonic_analyser_disc_and_sphere-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Harmonic_analyser_disc_and_sphere-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Harmonic_analyser_disc_and_sphere-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>1878-ban Lord Kelvin \u00e1r-ap\u00e1ly g\u00f6rb\u00e9k Fourier-anal\u00edzis\u00e9t v\u00e9gz\u00f4 anal\u00f3g sz\u00e1mol\u00f3eszk\u00f6zt \u00e9p\u00edt (&#8220;Harmonic Analyser&#8221;). B\u00e1tyja, James Thomson \u00edrja le el\u0151sz\u00f6r az \u00e1ltala elk\u00e9pzelt &#8220;integr\u00e1l\u00f3-g\u00e9p&#8221;-et (integrating machine), melyet k\u00e9s\u0151bb \u00f6ccse javaslat\u00e1ra egy had\u00e1szati c\u00e9lz\u00f3 rendszer (fire control system) r\u00e9szek\u00e9nt alkalmaz Arthur Pollen egy 1912 k\u00f6r\u00fcl meg\u00e9p\u00fcl\u0151 elektronikusan vez\u00e9relt mechanikus anal\u00f3g sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pben.<br><br>A sz\u00e1zadfordul\u00f3t\u00f3l l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9ben a m\u00e1sodik vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00faig az anal\u00f3g sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek els\u00f4dleges felvev\u00f4piaca a haditechnika, els\u00f4sorban &#8220;l\u00f4elemk\u00e9pz\u00f4ket&#8221;, azaz mozg\u00f3 c\u00e9lokat is k\u00f6vetni k\u00e9pes ballisztikai egyenletek kisz\u00e1mol\u00e1s\u00e1ra szolg\u00e1l\u00f3 szerkezetek k\u00e9sz\u00fclnek. Egyre nagyobb t\u00f6lteteket egyre messzebre kil\u00f6v\u0151 \u00e1gy\u00fak \u00e1llnak rendelkez\u00e9sre, melyek haszn\u00e1latakor a c\u00e9lz\u00e1s egyre kritikusabb probl\u00e9ma volt: a gyorsan mozg\u00f3 c\u00e9lpontokat m\u00e1r nem volt mindig lehets\u00e9ges szabad szemmel k\u00f6vetni, s a l\u00f6ved\u00e9k \u00fatj\u00e1t befoly\u00e1sol\u00f3 fizikai t\u00e9nyez\u0151k &#8211; pl. a sz\u00e9l &#8211; az egyre hosszabbod\u00f3 r\u00f6pp\u00e1ly\u00e1kat egyre nagyobb m\u00e9rt\u00e9kben befoly\u00e1solt\u00e1k. A probl\u00e9m\u00e1t j\u00f3l illusztr\u00e1lja, hogy az els\u0151 vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa legnagyobb tengeri csat\u00e1j\u00e1ban (J\u00fctlandi csata, 1916 j\u00fan. 1, \u00c9szaki-tenger, a Jylland-f\u00e9lsziget k\u00f6zel\u00e9ben) n\u00e9met \u00e9s angol haj\u00f3k 13-17000 m\u00e9terr\u0151l l\u00f6v\u00f6ld\u00f6ztek egym\u00e1sra, s az angol l\u00f6ved\u00e9kek kevesebb mint 3 sz\u00e1zal\u00e9ka tal\u00e1lt c\u00e9lba.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De a csapatok, k\u00e9szletek tov\u00e1bb\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1nak tervez\u00e9s\u00e9hez \u00e9s ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1sok bonyolults\u00e1ga is g\u00e9pes\u00edt\u00e9st tett sz\u00fcks\u00e9gess\u00e9. 1914-ben Udo Knorr vas\u00fati menetrendk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00f4 diagr\u00e1fot k\u00e9sz\u00edt, mely cser\u00e9lhet\u00f4 vonallapok seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel, a mozdony t\u00edpus\u00e1t, terhel\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s a vas\u00fatvonal jelleg\u00e9t figyelembe v\u00e9ve sz\u00e1molta ki egy-egy vonal mentsebess\u00e9g\u00e9t, ill. a menetid\u00f4t.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00edg eddig a sz\u00e1mol\u00f3eszk\u00f6z\u00f6kn\u00e9l a pontoss\u00e1ghoz, a hib\u00e1k kik\u00fcsz\u00f6b\u00f6l\u00e9s\u00e9hez k\u00e9pest kev\u00e9sb\u00e9&nbsp; volt fontos a sebess\u00e9g, a g\u00e9pes\u00edtett gyilkol\u00e1sz\u00e1s gyors \u00e9s a hadsz\u00ednt\u00e9ren is egyszer\u0171en haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3 eszk\u00f6z\u00f6ket k\u00f6vetelt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"690\" height=\"510\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/FordMk1Rangekeeper.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-539\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/FordMk1Rangekeeper.jpg 690w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/FordMk1Rangekeeper-300x222.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 690px) 100vw, 690px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A Ford Mk 1 Ballistic computer, 1917<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Hannibal C. Ford 1915-ben alap\u00edtja meg az amerikai flotta sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra c\u00e9lz\u00f3\/t\u00fczel\u0151 rendszereket fejleszt\u0151 c\u00e9g\u00e9t. Az 1917-ben a USS Texas nev\u0171 hadihaj\u00f3n bemutatott &#8220;Ford&#8217;s Range Keeper Mark I.&#8221; szerkezetet nevezt\u00e9k el\u0151sz\u00f6r ballisztikai sz\u00e1mol\u00f3g\u00e9pnek a c\u00e9lz\u00e1st seg\u00edt\u0151 eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k k\u00f6z\u00fcl. A pontos c\u00e9lz\u00e1st megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00f3 eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k val\u00f3ban nagyon \u00f6sszetett sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1sokat kellett min\u00e9l pontosabban \u00e9s min\u00e9l gyorsabban elv\u00e9gezni\u00fck:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; A c\u00e9lpont k\u00f6vet\u00e9se, c\u00e9lkeresztben tart\u00e1sa m\u00e1r \u00f6nmag\u00e1ban komoly feladat volt, hiszen a c\u00e9lz\u00f3 \u00e9s a c\u00e9lpont egym\u00e1st\u00f3l f\u00fcggetlen\u00fcl mozog. A c\u00e9lz\u00f3 (melyet &#8220;saj\u00e1t haj\u00f3nak&#8221; neveznek ezekben a rendszerekben) saj\u00e1t tervezett mozg\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l a rendszer k\u00f6zvetlen inform\u00e1ci\u00f3kkal rendelkezhetett, de annak megval\u00f3sul\u00e1s\u00e1t a fizikai k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek, az id\u0151j\u00e1r\u00e1s jelent\u0151sen befoly\u00e1solta. A c\u00e9lpontnak azonban sz\u00e1nd\u00e9kait sem ismerhette a c\u00e9lz\u00f3 szerkezet, annak viselked\u00e9s\u00e9b\u0151l kellett k\u00f6vetkeztetnie j\u00f6v\u0151beli relat\u00edv poz\u00edci\u00f3j\u00e1ra saj\u00e1t elmozdul\u00e1s\u00e1t is bekalkul\u00e1lva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; A c\u00e9lz\u00f3 szerkezet a hossz\u00fa r\u00f6pp\u00e1ly\u00e1k miatt komoly j\u00f3slatokba kellett bocs\u00e1tkozzon, hiszen nem oda kellett c\u00e9lozni, ahol a c\u00e9lpont a t\u00fczel\u00e9skor tart\u00f3zkodott, hanem oda, ahol n\u00e9h\u00e1ny perc m\u00falva &#8211;&nbsp; a becsap\u00f3d\u00e1s pillanat\u00e1ban &#8211; helyet foglal majd. A becsap\u00f3d\u00e1s hely\u00e9nek meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1hoz pedig pontos r\u00f6pp\u00e1ly\u00e1t kellett sz\u00e1molni, mely sz\u00e1mos folyamatosan v\u00e1ltoz\u00f3, illetve csup\u00e1n rekurz\u00edv m\u00f3don meghat\u00e1rozhat\u00f3 t\u00e9nyez\u0151 alapj\u00e1n volt kisz\u00e1m\u00edthat\u00f3: pl. a sz\u00e9l ir\u00e1nya, er\u0151ss\u00e9ge, a l\u00e9gellen\u00e1ll\u00e1s (melynek m\u00e9rt\u00e9ke a l\u00f6ved\u00e9k sebess\u00e9g\u00e9nek f\u00fcggv\u00e9nye, viszont \u00e9rdemben befoly\u00e1solja a sebess\u00e9get: ez pl. csak visszacsatol\u00e1ssal sz\u00e1molhat\u00f3), a gravit\u00e1ci\u00f3, a parallaxis, a t\u0171zer\u0151, a l\u00f6ved\u00e9k form\u00e1ja stb. \u00c9s mindezzel a t\u00fcrelmetlen t\u00fcz\u00e9rek miatt val\u00f3s id\u0151ben kellett b\u00e1nni, azonnal ki kellett mindezt sz\u00e1molni, annak \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben, hogy a der\u00e9k katon\u00e1k b\u00e1rmikor megh\u00fazhass\u00e1k a ravaszt (ld a fenti k\u00e9p jobb oldal\u00e1n a h\u00e1rom pisztoly-markolatot), s ne kelljen a j\u00f3slatokra v\u00e1rniuk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A k\u00e9t vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa k\u00f6z\u00f6tti id\u0151szakban a g\u00e9pes\u00edtett m\u00e9sz\u00e1rl\u00e1s f\u0151 eszk\u00f6zeiv\u00e9 a hatalmas hadihaj\u00f3k helyett a rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9pek (s az \u0151ket cipel\u0151 anyahaj\u00f3k) lettek, \u00e1m a f\u00fcrg\u00e9n mozg\u00f3 \u00faj c\u00e9lpontok lepiffent\u00e9s\u00e9re szolg\u00e1l\u00f3 eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k m\u00e9g gyorsabb, s pontosabb c\u00e9lz\u00f3berendez\u00e9sek kifejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9t tett\u00e9k sz\u00fcks\u00e9gess\u00e9 &#8211; ennek k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151, hogy az 1910-es \u00e9vekben megindul\u00f3 fejleszt\u00e9sek t\u00f6retlen\u00fcl folytat\u00f3dtak, s\u0151t, felgyorsultak a komoly anyagi r\u00e1ford\u00edt\u00e1soknak k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151en.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Mechanical Computer (All Parts) - Basic Mechanisms In Fire Control Computers\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/s1i-dnAH9Y4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"u.s navy vintage fire control computers (part 3)\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mQhmmTX5f9Y?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Mechanical Integrator - a machine that does calculus\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/s-y_lnzWQjk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>1925-27-ben Vannewar Bush(fogtok m\u00e9g hallani r\u00f3la) az MIT-n a Bell Laboratories \u00e9s az IBM munkat\u00e1rsaival k\u00f6z\u00f6sen nagy kapac\u00edt\u00e1s\u00fa differenci\u00e1l-analiz\u00e1tort \u00e9p\u00edt, mely az 1930-as \u00e9vek v\u00e9g\u00e9ig a legkomolyabb sz\u00e1mol\u00f3appar\u00e1tusnak sz\u00e1m\u00edt a f\u00f6ld nev\u00fb bolyg\u00f3n. Ez volt az els\u0151 univerz\u00e1lis anal\u00f3g sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9p. Az eszk\u00f6z tervez\u00e9sekor Charles Babbage rendszer\u00e9t\/\u00f6tleteit hasznos\u00edtja, a programozhat\u00f3 szerkezet addig nem l\u00e1tott pontoss\u00e1g\u00fa integr\u00e1l \u00e9s differenci\u00e1lsz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1sra alkalmas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"349\" src=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/differential_analyzer.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-541\" srcset=\"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/differential_analyzer.jpg 500w, https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/differential_analyzer-300x209.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Anal\u00f3g vs. digital: Korai sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek a huszadik sz\u00e1zad elej\u00e9n A XIX. \u00e9s XX. sz\u00e1zad fordul\u00f3j\u00e1t m\u00e9g a jobb\u00e1ra mechanikus alkatr\u00e9szekb\u0151l \u00e9p\u00edtett anal\u00f3g sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pek uralj\u00e1k. (Az 1904-ben felfedezett elektroncs\u0151, illetve az elektronikus jelfog\u00f3k gyakorlati felhaszn\u00e1l\u00e1sa csak az 1930-as \u00e9vekben kezd\u0151dik.) 1878-ban Lord Kelvin \u00e1r-ap\u00e1ly g\u00f6rb\u00e9k Fourier-anal\u00edzis\u00e9t v\u00e9gz\u00f4 anal\u00f3g sz\u00e1mol\u00f3eszk\u00f6zt \u00e9p\u00edt (&#8220;Harmonic Analyser&#8221;). B\u00e1tyja, James Thomson \u00edrja [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":707,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-535","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/535","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=535"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/535\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":543,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/535\/revisions\/543"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/707"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/szmz.hu\/teaching\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=535"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}